STAT/08/7 15 January 2008
European business - Facts and figures A statistical portrait of European business
The new edition of European business - Facts and figures1, published by Eurostat, the Statistical Office of the European Communities, covers the main sectors of the European business economy2 from energy and the extractive industries to communications, information services and media.
European business - Facts and figures presents the latest available statistics from a wide selection of statistical sources describing, for each sector, production and employment, country specialisation and regional distribution, cost structures, productivity and profitability, the importance of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs), external trade etc.
The Eurostat website offers a section dedicated to European business3 where you can find the publication, the sectorial data and background information as well as information on special topics such as globalisation, SMEs and foreign controlled enterprises.
Highest proportion of women in the textile industry and of young people in hotels & restaurants
Within the 23 main sectors analysed in the publication, there were more men than women employed in 19 sectors in the EU27 in 2006. The sectors with the highest shares of men employed were construction (92%) and non-energy mining & quarrying (89%). The proportion of women was higher than that of men only in textiles & clothing (69%), retail trade (62%), hotels & restaurants (56%) and financial services (52%).
In the EU27, part-time work was most common in retail trade in 2006 (29% of employees in this sector worked part-time), hotels & restaurants (28%) and business services (21%).
Hotels & restaurants (36%) had the highest proportion of young employees (aged 15-29) in the EU27 in 2006, followed by retail trade (30%) and motor trades (29%). The real estate sector (30%) had the highest share of employees aged 50 and over, followed by the non-energy mining & quarrying, energy and recycling & water supply sectors (all 27%).
Employment characteristics in the business economy in the EU27, 2006
(% share of the total number of persons employed)
Gender Time at work Age Male Female Full-time Part-time 15-29 30-49 50+ Business economy 64.2 35.8 85.6 14.4 24.1 54.3 21.6 Food, beverages & tobacco 59.2 40.8 88.6 11.4 24.1 56.0 19.9 Textiles, clothing, leather & footwear 30.9 69.1 91.8 8.2 19.8 59.3 20.9 Wood & paper 79.0 21.0 93.5 6.5 21.3 57.2 21.5 Chemicals, rubber & plastic 67.5 32.5 93.4 6.6 20.1 58.2 21.7 Other non-metallic mineral products 76.4 23.6 94.7 5.3 19.1 58.6 22.3 Metals & metal products 84.4 15.6 94.8 5.2 21.0 54.5 24.4 Machinery & equipment 81.5 18.5 94.6 5.4 19.4 55.7 24.9 Electrical, electronic & optical equipment 66.8 33.2 93.2 6.8 22.8 56.9 20.3 Transport equipment 82.1 17.9 94.6 5.4 21.2 56.7 22.1 Other manufacturing activities 71.4 28.6 90.1 9.9 22.9 56.8 20.3 Non-energy mining & quarrying 89.4 10.6 97.1 2.9 16.8 56.0 27.2 Energy 80.0 20.0 96.1 3.9 14.3 58.6 27.2 Recycling & water supply 79.0 21.0 93.7 6.3 14.9 58.1 27.1 Construction 91.9 8.1 94.1 5.9 24.6 53.8 21.6 Motor trades 82.0 18.0 90.4 9.6 29.4 50.3 20.4 Wholesale trade 66.2 33.8 89.3 10.7 22.6 56.7 20.8 Retail trade & repair 38.3 61.7 71.0 29.0 30.4 49.5 20.1 Hotels & restaurants 44.3 55.7 71.8 28.2 35.8 47.3 17.0 Transport services 79.2 20.8 90.7 9.3 17.6 57.3 25.1 Communications & media 59.9 40.1 82.3 17.7 21.9 56.0 22.1 Business services 55.4 44.6 78.7 21.3 23.6 55.5 20.8 Real estate, renting & R&D 54.4 45.6 81.1 18.9 19.6 50.6 29.8 Financial services 48.1 51.9 85.9 14.1 21.7 57.1 21.2 125 million persons employed in the EU27 non-financial business economy
In 2004, the total number of enterprises in the EU27 non-financial business economy was almost 19 million. In total these enterprises generated 5 100 billion euro in value added and employed 125 million persons. Among the main sectors, business services had the highest number of active enterprises with almost four million and non-energy mining & quarrying had the fewest with 17 000 enterprises.
Business services also had the highest value-added with 740 bn euro, the equivalent of 15% of total value added in all sectors, followed by wholesale trade (463 bn or 9%) and construction (434 bn or 9%).
Business services were also the biggest sector in terms of employment, with nearly 20 million persons employed, representing 16% of all employment in the non-financial business economy in the EU27 in 2004, followed by retail trade (17 million or 14%) and construction (13 million or 11%).
Average personnel costs4 in 2004 in the EU27 were highest in the transport equipment sector (43 000 euro per employee) and in chemicals, rubber & plastic (39 000 euro) and lowest in hotels & restaurants and textiles & clothing (both 15 000 euro). Apparent labour productivity5 was highest in the energy sector at 121 000 euro per person employed and in real estate (87 000 euro) and lowest in hotels & restaurants (19 000 euro) and textiles & clothing (20 000 euro).
Non-financial business economy in the EU27*, 2004
Enterprises Value added Number of persons employed Average personnel costs, € 000 per employee Apparent labour productivity, € 000 per person employed 000 Share of total (%) Billion € Share of total (%) 000 Share of total (%) Non-financial business economy 18 900 100.0 5 100 100.0 125 000 100.0 27.6 40.9 Food, beverages & tobacco 296 1.6 200 3.9 4 772 3.8 24.4 41.8 Textiles, clothing, leather & footwear 266 1.4 68 1.3 3 410 2.7 14.8 19.9 Wood & paper 217 1.1 77 1.5 2 060 1.6 26.1 37.4 Chemicals, rubber & plastic 100 0.5 250 4.9 3 700 3.0 39.0 66.5 Other non-metallic mineral products 102 0.5 73 1.4 1 600 1.3 28.5 46.0 Metals & metal products 399 2.1 213 4.2 4 991 4.0 30.4 42.6 Machinery & equipment 164 0.9 172 3.4 3 661 2.9 36.3 46.9 Electrical, electronic & optical equipment 196 1.0 190 3.7 3 600 2.9 37.0 52.0 Transport equipment 43 0.2 177 3.5 3 200 2.6 43.0 56.0 Other manufacturing activities 227 1.2 51 1.0 1 900 1.5 22.0 28.0 Non-energy mining & quarrying 17 0.1 15 0.3 291 0.2 27.0 50.9 Energy 21 0.1 240 4.7 1 980 1.6 : 121.2 Recycling & water supply 23 0.1 27 0.5 500 0.4 24.0 52.5 Construction 2 695 14.3 434 8.5 13 153 10.5 26.6 33.0 Motor trades 782 4.1 151 3.0 4 067 3.3 24.5 37.0 Wholesale trade 1 682 8.9 463 9.1 9 554 7.6 30.7 48.4 Retail trade & repair 3 735 19.8 384 7.5 16 970 13.6 17.6 22.6 Hotels & restaurants 1 605 8.5 163 3.2 8 652 6.9 14.9 18.9 Transport services 1 120 5.9 360 7.1 8 600 6.9 30.0 42.0 Communications & media 270 1.4 340 6.7 4 900 3.9 35.3 69.4 Business services 3 901 20.6 740 14.5 19 433 15.5 30.0 38.1 Real estate, renting & R&D 1 072 5.7 304 6.0 3 500 2.8 31.0 87.0 : Data not available * Includes Eurostat estimates based on non confidential data. Differences between aggregates and components are due to rounding.
External trade in industrial products in deficit by 170 bn euro in 2006
In 2006, the EU27 exported industrial products worth 1 080 bn euro and imported products worth 1 250 bn euro, resulting in an extra-EU27 trade deficit of 170 bn euro in industrial products.
Electrical & electronic equipment and chemicals, rubber & plastics were the two most exported product groups, representing 18% each of total industrial exports. Machinery & equipment (96 bn euro) and transport equipment (74 bn) had the largest surpluses.
Energy and electrical & electronic equipment were the most imported product groups, representing 26% and 21% respectively of total industrial imports. Energy (-265 bn euro) and electrical & electronic machinery (-69 bn) also had the largest deficits.
External trade in industrial products, EU27, 2006
Exports (€ billion) Imports (€ billion) Balance (€ billion) Share in total industrial exports (%) Share in total industrial imports (%) Industrial products 1 082.5 1 252.0 -169.5 100.0 100.0 Food, beverages and tobacco 54.0 48.2 5.9 5.0 3.8 Textiles, clothing, leather and footwear 45.8 97.5 -51.7 4.2 7.8 Wood and paper 29.2 21.4 7.8 2.7 1.7 Chemicals, rubber and plastics 194.8 129.0 65.8 18.0 10.3 Other non-metallic mineral products 17.6 10.4 7.2 1.6 0.8 Metals and metal products 90.1 104.5 -14.3 8.3 8.3 Machinery and equipment 171.1 74.7 96.4 15.8 6.0 Electrical, electronic and optical equipment 197.6 267.0 -69.4 18.3 21.3 Transport equipment 176.3 101.9 74.4 16.3 8.1 Furniture; other manufactured goods n.e.c. 29.5 40.7 -11.1 2.7 3.3 Non-energy mining and quarrying 13.7 31.8 -18.1 1.3 2.5 Energy products, steam and hot water 56.3 321.2 -264.9 5.2 25.7 Business services in the EU27 employed over 19 million persons
The business services sector6 includes legal, accounting & management services, which accounted for 30% of value added in this sector, computer services (21%), other business services (20%), architectural & engineering activities (15%), labour recruitment (10%) and advertising (5%).
The United Kingdom and Germany were in 2004 the two most important countries for computer services with 30% and 18% respectively of total EU27 value added in this sub-sector. The highest apparent labour productivity for computer services was found in Ireland (94 000 euro per person employed), followed by the United Kingdom (82 000 euro) and the lowest in Bulgaria (6 000 euro) and Romania (9 000 euro). The EU27 average was 60 000 euro. The highest average personnel cost was found in Sweden and Belgium both with 63 000 euro per employee and the lowest in Bulgaria and Romania (both 5 000 euro). The EU27 average was 49 000 euro.
Business services, EU27, 2004
Value added (million €) Share of total value added in the sector (%) Number of persons employed (000) Share of total employment in the sector (%) Business services 739 621 100.0 19 433 100.0 Computer services 154 257 20.9 2 570 13.2 Legal, accounting & management services 221 644 30.0 4 391 22.6 Architectural & engineering; technical testing 108 250 14.6 2 442 12.6 Advertising 33 852 4.6 845 4.3 Labour recruitment & provision of personnel 74 526 10.1 2 912 15.0 Other business services 147 092 19.9 6 274 32.3 Computer services, EU27, 2004
Value added (million €) Number of persons employed (000) Apparent labour productivity (€ 000 per person employed) Average personnel cost (€ 000 per employee) EU27 154 257 2 570 60.0 48.6 Belgium 3 283 49 66.6 62.8 Bulgaria 77 12 6.3 4.6 Czech Republic 1 029 51 20.3 17.5 Denmark 3 197 43 74.0 60.6 Germany 28 375 370 76.6 57.7 Estonia 71 4 16.5 12.8 Ireland 2 713 29 93.8 45.8 Greece : : : : Spain 7 982 185 43.1 37.1 France 22 605 345 65.4 57.7 Italy 15 246 358 42.6 38.6 Cyprus 68 2 39.2 28.2 Latvia 71 6 12.8 9.1 Lithuania 68 6 12.0 7.2 Luxembourg* 283 5 60.1 60.7 Hungary 707 51 13.9 12.0 Malta : : : : Netherlands 6 761 126 53.8 46.7 Austria 2 628 47 56.0 52.8 Poland 1 322 78 16.9 13.2 Portugal 763 21 36.0 28.7 Romania 312 35 9.0 4.9 Slovenia 240 8 31.6 26.2 Slovakia 233 11 21.7 13.6 Finland 1 742 37 47.2 52.0 Sweden 6 898 98 70.4 63.2 United Kingdom 47 006 573 82.0 55.9 Norway 2 770 35 79.0 66.0 :Data not available *Luxembourg: 2003
Italy and Germany lead in textiles
The textiles, clothing and leather manufacturing sector7 generated value added of 68 bn euro in 2004 in the EU27 and employed 3.4 million persons. This corresponds to 1.3% of total value added and to 2.7% of total employment in the non-financial business economy. Textiles generated almost half of value added within this sector.
Italy was the leading Member State in the textiles sub-sector with 30% of total value added, followed by Germany (14%) as well as France and the United Kingdom (both 11%).
The apparent labour productivity within the textiles sub-sector ranged from 3 000 euro per person employed in Romania to 55 000 euro in Denmark, compared to the EU27 average of 27 000 euro. The average personnel cost ranged from 2 000 euro per employee in Bulgaria and Romania to 41 000 euro in Denmark, compared to 20 000 euro on average in the EU27.
Textiles, clothing and leather products, EU27*, 2004
Value added (million €) Share of total value added in the sector (%) Number of persons employed (000) Share of total employment in the sector (%) Textiles, clothing and leather 67 762 100.0 3 410 100.0 Textiles 32 000 47.2 1 217 35.7 Clothing 23 500 34.7 1 583 46.4 Leather products 12 000 17.7 610 17.9 * Includes Eurostat estimates based on non confidential data. Differences between aggregates and components are due to rounding.
Textiles, EU27*, 2004
Value added (million €) Number of persons employed (000) Apparent labour productivity (€ 000 per person employed) Average personnel cost (€ 000 per employee) EU27* 32 000 1 217 27.0 20.0 Belgium 1 674 36 46.1 33.7 Bulgaria 134 36 3.8 1.9 Czech Republic 537 54 9.9 6.5 Denmark 357 7 54.8 41.1 Germany 4 519 108 41.7 33.1 Estonia 91 11 8.2 5.3 Ireland 118 3 33.8 25.7 Greece : : : : Spain 2 660 93 28.7 21.7 France 3 423 94 36.5 31.1 Italy 9 478 264 35.8 27.0 Cyprus 13 1 16.1 11.6 Latvia 48 9 5.2 3.5 Lithuania 113 19 6.0 4.3 Luxembourg : : : : Hungary 180 31 5.8 5.2 Malta : : : : Netherlands 711 15 46.1 36.2 Austria 747 16 45.7 34.0 Poland 745 90 8.3 4.8 Portugal 1 266 83 15.3 11.1 Romania 289 89 3.2 2.2 Slovenia** 187 13 15.0 11.9 Slovakia 87 16 5.4 4.7 Finland 257 5 47.5 34.2 Sweden 342 8 42.5 37.9 United Kingdom 3 547 98 36.1 26.8 Norway 174 4 43.2 35.2 :Data not available *Includes Eurostat estimates based on non confidential data.
**Slovenia, average personnel cost and productivity: 2003
The publication "European business - Facts and figures, 2007 edition" can be downloaded free of charge in PDF format. Paper copies can be ordered through the Eurostat website at http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/. The publication covers the business economy, which is the sum of industry, construction and services. It does not cover agricultural activities, public administration and other non-market services, such as education and health. Together the latter account for around one quarter of EU value added. The non-financial business economy also excludes the financial services sector, for which activity specific information is presented in the publication. NACE Rev. 1.1 is the common statistical classification of economic activity within the European Community. NACE Rev. 1.1 is available on the Eurostat website. The dedicated section on European Business is accessible under the theme 'Industry, trade and services' on the Eurostat website. From here, individual chapters of European business - Facts and figures, 2007 edition in PDF format and excel files of tables and graphs are available as free downloads Personnel costs are defined as total remuneration, in cash or kind, paid to employees, taxes and employees social security contributions as well as employers' compulsory and voluntary social contributions. Average personnel costs are personnel costs divided by the number of employees, including part-time and seasonal workers. Apparent labour productivity is defined as value added divided by the number of persons employed and is expressed as thousand euro per person employed. Business services include computer and related activities, legal, accounting and management services, architectural and engineering activities; technical testing and analysis, advertising and direct marketing, labour recruitment and temporary work services, other business services.This sector covers the manufacture of textiles, clothing, fur and leather goods, NACE Subsections DB and DC.
Issued by: Eurostat Press Office Tim ALLEN Tel: +352-4301-33 444 mailto:eurostat-pressoffice@ec.europa.eu For further information: Ulf JOHANSSON Tel: +352-4301-32 137 mailto:ulf.johansson@ec.europa.eu Eurostat News Releases on the Internet: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat
